Who owns the spaces of religion? Does the question matter, or even make sense? Modern distinctions between sacred and secular spheres tend to assume that clergy dominate the former, and lay people the latter. A man or woman living in the early modern period might not have been so sure. They would have thought more immediately of things of heaven and things of earth, and would have seen each as the concern of clergy and laity alike. Faith’s boundaries, while real, were very porous. This collection offers the first sustained comparative examination of lay–clerical relations in confraternities through the late medieval and early modern periods. It shows how laity and clergy debated, accommodated, resolved, or deflected the key issues of gender, race, politics, class, and power. The sixteen essays are organized into six sections that consider different aspects of the function of confraternities as social spaces where laity and clergy met, mediated, and sometimes competed and fought. They cover a period historically when kinship was a dominant metaphor in religious life and when kinship groups like confraternities were dominant models in religious institutions. They deal with Catholic, Jewish, and Islamic confraternities, and range geographically from Europe to the Middle East, Central and South Asia, and Latin America.

Contents

Illustrations

Boundaries of Brotherhood: Laity and Clergy in the Social Spaces of Religion

Nicholas Terpstra

Part I.

Confraternities and Comunitas: Politics, Charity, and Civic Religion

Civic Hospitals, Local Identity, and Regional States in Early Modern Italy

Daniel Bornstein

Delegated Charity: Confraternities between City, Nations, and Curia in Late Medieval Rome

Anna Esposito

Confraternities, Citizenship, and Factionalism: Genoa in the Early Sixteenth Century

Carlo Taviani

Between Devotion and Politics: Marian Confraternities in Renaissance Parma

Cristina Cecchinelli

Part II.

Texts & Contexts: The Case of Florence

The Plea for Lay Bibles in Fourteenth- and Fifteenth-Century Tuscany: The Role of Confraternities

Sabrina Corbellini

Preaching, Brotherhoods, and Biblical Literacy: The Case of Pietro Bernardo of Florence

Peter Howard

Machiavelli and Confraternities: Oratory and Parody

Olga Zorzi Pugliese

Part III. Kinship, Civil Society, and Social Capital

Bonding or Bridging Social Capital? The Evolution of Brabantine Fraternities during the Late Medieval and the Early Modern Period

Maarten F. Van Dijck

Negotiating Charity, Politics, and Religion in the Colonial Philippines: The Brotherhood of the Misericordia of Manila (1594–1780s)

Juan O. Mesquida

Part IV. Kinship and the Politics of Devotion in Islam and Judaism

Islamic Brotherhoods in Sixteenth‑Century Central Asia: The Dervish, the Sultan, and the Sufi Mirror for Princes

Alexandre Papas

Kabbalistic Innovation in Jewish Confraternities in the Early Modern Mediterranean

Roni Weinstein

Part V. Mediating Difference: Race, Gender, and Kinship

Confraternal Community as a Vehicle for Jewish Female Agency in Eighteenth-Century Italy

Federica Francesconi

Native Brotherhoods and Visual Culture in Colonial Quito (Ecuador): The Confraternity of the Rosary

Susan Verdi Webster

Part VI. Boundary Disputes:Laity, Clergy, and Conflict

Revolutionary Flagellants? Clerical Perceptions of Flagellant Brotherhoods in Late Medieval Flanders and Italy

Gavin Hammel

Beyond Crisis: Confraternities in Modern Italy between the Church and Lay Society

Danilo Zardin

‘Such a despotic rule’: Confraternities and the Parish in Eighteenth-Century Paris and Milan

David Garrioch